Ingush pronouns
Personal pronouns take the same case endings as nouns, but with some
different stem changes. The inclusive means 'you and I' or 'you and
we', including both speaker and hearer in its reference; the exclusive
excludes the hearer and means 'we (but not you)'. The third person
pronouns are also demonstrative pronouns.
|
I, me |
you |
he, she, it |
Nominative |
so |
hwo |
yz |
Genitive |
sy |
hwa |
cyn |
Dative |
suona |
hwuona |
cynna |
Ergative |
aaz |
wa |
cuo |
Allative |
suoga |
hwuoga |
cynga |
Instrumental |
suoca |
hwuoca |
cynca |
Lative |
sogh |
hwogh |
cogh |
Comparison |
sol |
hwol |
cul |
|
we (exclusive) |
we (inclusive) |
you (plural) |
they |
Nominative |
txo |
vai |
sho |
yzh |
Genitive |
txy |
vai |
shyn |
caar |
Dative |
txuona |
vaina |
shoana |
caarna |
Ergative |
oaxa |
vai |
oasha |
caara |
Allative |
txuoga |
vaiga |
shuoga |
caarga |
Instrumental |
txuoca |
vaica |
shuoca |
caarca |
Lative |
txogh |
vaigh |
shogh |
caaregh |
Comparison |
txol |
vail |
shol |
caarel |
Each personal pronoun has its own reflexive pronoun. Two examples:
|
myself |
himself, herself |
Nominative |
sie |
shie |
Genitive |
sei |
shii |
Dative |
seina |
shiina |
Ergative |
eisa |
shie |
Allative |
seiga |
shiiga |
Instrumental |
seica |
shiica |
Lative |
seigh |
shiigh |
Comparison |
seil |
shiil |
The interrogative pronouns have similar endings to the others, but distinctive
suppletive stems.
|
who |
what |
Nominative |
mala |
fy |
Genitive |
hwan |
sen |
Datived |
hwanna / hwanaa |
senna / sienaa |
Ergative |
hwan / hwanuo |
sievuo |
Allative |
hwanga |
senga |
Instrumental |
hwanca |
senca |
Lative |
hwanagh |
sienagh |
Comparison |
hwanal |
sienal |