Guthries Proto-Bantu forms
Notes:| Column 1 | E = epsilon |
| O = open o | |
| N = velar nasal | |
| numbers = noun classes | |
| DP = dependent | |
| ny = Guthries transcription for a palatal nasal | |
| Column 3 | indicates a number Guthrie had tagged for apparent semantic reasons rather than phonological ones. |
| Column 4 | ? = Guthries ( |
| T = tonal variation |
|
Guthrie PB (+N.C.) |
GLOSS |
CS |
Comment |
|
-bá- |
to be; to become |
2 |
|
|
-báb- |
to singe |
5 |
|
|
-báb- |
to sting |
4 |
? |
|
-bàd- |
to count |
9 |
|
|
-bád- |
to shine |
12 |
? |
|
-bád- |
to begin |
13 |
? |
|
-bád- |
to speckle |
18 |
|
|
-bádà 5/6 |
spot; speckle |
18 |
|
|
-bádÈ |
palmtree |
21 |
|
|
-bàdÉ DP |
two |
22 |
|
|
-bádok- |
to burst open |
24 |
T |
|
-bàdok- |
to burst open |
24 |
T |
|
-bàdù 11/10 |
rib; side of body |
30 |
? |
|
-bààj- |
to work wood |
32 |
|
|
-bàk- |
to become lit |
34 |
|
|
-bàmb- |
to get near; to put near |
37 |
|
|
-bàmb- |
to peg out |
38 |
|
|
-bámbà 9/10 |
poisonous snake |
40 |
? |
|
-bámbÒ 9/10 |
peg |
38; 44 |
|
|
-bánd- |
to flatten |
46 |
|
|
-bándod- |
to tear off |
54 |
? |
|
-bánjà |
courtyard |
55 |
|
|
-báNg- |
to open up |
59 |
? |
|
-bátam- |
to become flat |
63 |
? |
|
-bé DP/14 |
bad/badness |
97 |
|
|
-bécù DP |
unripe; uncooked |
102 |
|
|
-bèd- |
to come to the boil |
104 |
|
|
-béd- |
to call out |
105 |
|
|
-béd- |
to announce |
105 |
? |
|
-béd- |
to become uncooked |
107 |
|
|
-bèdè 3/4 |
body |
112 |
|
|
-bègà 9/10 |
pot for storage |
119 |
|
|
-bék- |
to announce a death |
121 |
|
|
-béék- |
to put |
122 |
|
|
-bèNg- |
to chase game |
129 |
|
|
-béép- |
to become bad |
133 |
|
|
-bÉ DP |
you sg. |
64 |
|
|
-bÉÉdÈ 5/6 |
breast; utter |
71, 72 |
|
|
-bÉÉdÈ 6 |
milk |
73 |
|
|
-bÈdÒ 7/8 |
thigh |
79 |
|
|
-bÉnd- |
to talk |
90 |
? |
|
-bÉndÉ 9/10 |
kind of rat |
91 |
|
|
-bí 6 |
excreta |
135 |
|
|
-bíád- |
to bear a child |
136 |
|
|
-bídÒ |
soot; dirt |
144 |
|
|
-bímb- |
to swell |
144 |
|
|
-bìmbà |
corpse |
145 |
|
|
-bín- |
to dance and sing |
147 |
|
|
-bínà |
dance with song |
148 |
|
|
-bó 9/10? |
mosquito |
172 |
|
|
-bóà 9/10 |
dog |
174 |
|
|
-bòÈ |
stone |
176 |
|
|
-bòbè 5/6 |
spider |
178 |
|
|
-bòbè 11/10 |
spiders web |
178 |
|
|
-bód- |
to hit and kill |
184 |
? |
|
-bódì 9/10 |
goat |
185 |
|
|
-bògà 9/10 |
open space |
190 |
|
|
-bómb- |
to mould pottery |
199 |
|
|
-bómbà 5 |
clay for pottery |
200 |
|
|
-bótam- |
to crouch |
210 |
? |
|
-bótÒ 9/10 |
seed |
211 |
|
|
-bÓ |
them |
152 |
|
|
-bÒd- |
to become rotten |
153 |
|
|
-bÒdá 11/10 |
bee-sting |
154 |
? |
|
-bÒgà 9/10 |
vegetable |
156 |
? |
|
-bÒgÓ 9/10 |
buffalo |
157 |
|
|
-bÓkÒ 5/6 |
arm |
158 |
|
|
-bÒmb- |
to become soft |
160 |
|
|
-bÒmbÓ 3/4 |
forehead |
163 |
? |
|
-bÓn- |
to see |
164 |
|
|
-bÓnÒ |
castor-oil bean, plant |
166 |
|
|
-bú 5 |
soil |
215 |
|
|
-búáNg- |
to mix |
221 |
|
|
-búè 9/10 |
white hair |
222 |
|
|
-bùd- |
to be plentiful or numerous |
224 |
? |
|
-búdà 9 |
rain |
225 |
|
|
-bùdì 5/6 |
hair on body |
226 |
? |
|
-bún- |
to break, to snap |
230 |
|
|
-bùndod- |
to stir up |
232 |
|
|
-búNg- |
to wrap up |
234 |
? |
|
-càc- |
to go sour |
241 |
|
|
-cààc- |
to chop up |
242 |
|
|
-cácÈ 9/10 |
spark |
243 |
|
|
-càd- |
to choose |
245 |
|
|
-cádàkù 9/10 |
driver ant |
251 |
|
|
-càk- |
to search for; (to desire) |
256 |
|
|
-càká |
thicket |
260 |
|
|
-càkod- |
to weed |
263 |
? |
|
-cámbÒ |
wire |
268 |
? |
|
-càníá 3 |
daylight |
272 |
|
|
-càNg- |
to meet with; to assemble intr. |
[285] |
|
|
-càNg- |
to mix up |
221, 286 |
|
|
-cáNg- |
to be pleased |
287 |
|
|
-càNgà 3/4 |
sandy island |
288 |
|
|
-cáNgá |
bead |
291 |
? |
|
-cé 9/10 |
ground; country |
332 |
|
|
-pa-ncé |
underneath |
332 |
pa- 16 |
|
-céndé |
squirrel |
340 |
|
|
-cÈk- |
to laugh |
312 |
|
|
-cÉkÉ 3 |
sand |
313 |
|
|
-cÈndam- |
to lean (intr.) out of vertical |
319 |
|
|
-cÈndek- |
to lean (tr.) out of vertical |
319 |
|
|
-cÈNg- |
to cut off |
321 |
|
|
-cíÒ 14/6 |
face |
346 |
|
|
-cíd- |
to finish; to become completed |
351 |
|
|
-címbà 9/10 |
wildcat |
355 |
|
|
-cìNg- |
to rub on |
358 |
|
|
-cò 6 |
urine |
390 |
? |
|
-cóá 3/4 |
termite |
392 |
|
|
-cóá 9/10? or 11/10? |
winged termite |
392 |
|
|
-còb- |
to skin |
398 |
|
|
-códÒ 3/4 |
stream |
406 |
? |
|
-cóm- |
to bite |
413 |
? |
|
-cóndò 3/4 |
leech |
417 |
|
|
-cópà 9/10 |
calabash bottle |
425 |
|
|
-cÓ |
left-hand |
361 |
|
|
-cÒdì 3 |
broth |
367 |
|
|
-cÓdì |
tear, see -yícÒdì |
368 |
? |
|
-cÒk- |
to poke in; to ram in |
371 |
|
|
-cÒká 5/6 |
axe |
372 |
? |
|
-cÒm- |
to poke in; to insert |
371, 375 |
|
|
-cÓnì 9 |
shame |
380 |
|
|
-cÒNg- |
to incite |
383 |
|
|
-cÒNg- |
to sharpen to a point |
385 |
|
|
-cÒngà |
point |
386 |
|
|
-cú 9/10 |
fish |
427 |
|
|
-cùb- |
to urinate |
430 |
? |
|
-cùk- |
to wash |
435 |
|
|
-cúkò 5/6? or 11/10? |
day of 24 hours |
437 |
|
|
-cùNg- |
to look after |
441 |
|
|
-dà 6 |
intestines |
442 |
|
|
-dà 9 |
abdomen |
443 |
|
|
-dà DP |
long |
507 |
|
|
-dà 12 |
olden times |
983 |
? |
|
-dá 9/10 |
louse |
446 |
|
|
-dá DP |
that, those |
448 |
|
|
-dác- |
to throw at and hit |
449 |
|
|
-dáád- |
to lie down and sleep |
454 |
|
|
-dàdá 5/6 |
palm-frond |
457 |
|
|
-dáádek- |
to invite |
459 |
? |
|
-dàdÒ 14/6 |
bridge |
460 |
|
|
-dàg- |
to say farewell |
462 |
? |
|
-dàg- |
to teach |
464 |
|
|
-dákà |
throat |
473 |
|
|
-dàm- |
to get strong again |
477 |
? |
|
-dàm- |
to stick to |
478 |
|
|
-dàmat- |
to stick to |
478 |
|
|
-dàmod- |
to settle dispute |
480 |
|
|
-dàmb- |
to sprawl |
483 |
|
|
-dàmbadad- |
to sprawl |
483 |
|
|
-dànd- |
to follow behind |
654 |
|
|
-dàp- |
to swear |
503 |
? |
|
-dè |
to be |
547 |
|
|
-dé- |
to eat |
550 |
|
|
-dèàt- |
to tread |
553 |
|
|
-déb- |
to forget |
556 |
? |
|
-dèd- |
to cry, to wail |
561 |
|
|
-dèdè 14/6 |
bedstead |
563 |
|
|
-dèm- |
to cultivate |
568 |
|
|
-démà 3/4 |
bat |
570 |
|
|
-démì 11/10- |
tongue |
571 |
|
|
-dèmÒ 3/4 |
work |
574 |
|
|
-dèmbÒ 14 |
birdlime |
578 |
|
|
-dènd- |
to wait |
580 |
? |
|
-dÈ DP |
long, see -dà |
507 |
? |
|
-dÈbed- |
to become slack |
523 |
? |
|
-dÈd- |
to look after a child |
510 |
|
|
-dÉd- |
to become suspended |
514 |
? |
|
-dÈÈdÓ- |
today |
518 |
|
|
-dÈdù |
beard |
519 |
|
|
-dÉg- |
to avoid |
521 |
? |
|
-dÈk- |
to allow |
524 |
|
|
-dÈm- |
to become heavy |
527 |
|
|
-dÉm- |
to become lame |
531 |
|
|
-dÉmad- |
to become lame |
531 |
|
|
-dÉmá 7/8 |
lame person |
533 |
|
|
-dÈÈp- |
to become long |
507 |
? |
|
-dÉÉt- |
to bring |
546 |
|
|
-dì 3/4 |
root |
591 |
|
|
-dìàm- |
to sink out of sight |
593 |
|
|
-dìòd- |
to pull up |
595 |
|
|
-díóNg- |
to turn round intr. |
598 |
|
|
-dìb- |
to stop up, to block |
602 |
|
|
-dìb- |
to shut |
601 |
? |
|
-dìbà 5/6? or 7/8? |
pool |
603 |
|
|
-dìdì |
shivering with cold |
608 |
|
|
-dìdim- |
to shiver |
610 |
|
|
-dígì 3/4 |
bark-fibre string |
613 |
|
|
-dígÒ 3/4 |
load |
614 |
? |
|
-dììk- |
to bury |
615 |
|
|
-dím- |
to become extinguished; to extinguish |
617 |
|
|
-dímed- |
to get lost |
618 |
|
|
-dímò 3/4 |
spirit |
619 |
|
|
-díNg- |
to wind round; to surround |
625 |
|
|
-dìtÒ DP |
heavy |
631 |
|
|
-dò- |
to fight |
675 |
|
|
-dóád- |
to fall ill |
677 |
|
|
-dòb- |
to make a mistake |
680 |
? |
|
-dòd- |
to become bitter |
684 |
? |
|
-dòdam- |
to become straight |
686 |
|
|
-dòdò 14 |
bitterness |
688 |
|
|
-dódó 9/10 |
gall bladder |
689 |
? |
|
-dòk- |
to plait |
693 |
|
|
-dòk- |
to name |
694 |
? |
|
-dók- |
to vomit |
695 |
|
|
-dóm- |
to bite |
696 |
|
|
-dómÈ 1/2 |
husband; man |
697 |
|
|
-dómÈ DP |
male |
697 |
? |
|
-dònd- |
to amass |
704 |
|
|
-dòNg- |
to go straight |
711 |
|
|
-dòNgod- |
to become hot |
719 |
|
|
-dòNgod- |
to become burnt |
719 |
? |
|
-dòNgÒ |
tribe |
665 |
? |
|
-dòt- |
to surpass; (to pass) |
1536 |
|
|
-dÓ 13 |
sleep |
633 |
|
|
-dÓb- |
to fish with line |
638 |
|
|
-dÒbá 5 |
sticky soil |
639 |
|
|
-dÓbÒ 5/6 |
fish-hook |
640 |
|
|
-dÒÒdì 3 |
whistling |
642 |
|
|
-dÒg- |
to bewitch |
644 |
|
|
-dÒgì 14 |
witchcraft |
646 |
|
|
-dÓk- |
to rain |
650 |
|
|
-dÒmÒ 3/4 |
lip |
651 |
|
|
-dÓmb- |
to ask for |
653 |
|
|
-dÒnd- |
to follow to find |
654 |
|
|
-dÒndà 7/8 |
sore |
656 |
? |
|
-dÒNg- |
to pack carefully |
659 |
? |
|
-dÒNgà 3/4 |
river |
662 |
|
|
-dÒNgÒ 3/4 |
line of objects |
664 |
|
|
-dÓÓt- |
to dream |
672 |
|
|
-dú 5 |
knee |
722 |
|
|
-dù- |
to ooze |
724 |
? |
|
-dúád- |
to wear |
726 |
|
|
-dúék- |
to clothe |
728 |
|
|
-dúód- |
to take off clothes |
730 |
|
|
-dùb- |
to fish with net or basket |
731 |
|
|
-dúg- |
to paddle |
735 |
|
|
-dùkot- |
to blow bellows |
737 |
|
|
-dùm- |
to roar, to rumble |
740 |
|
|
-dùmbá 5/6 |
smell |
743 |
|
|
-dùmbé 3 |
continuous rain |
744 |
|
|
-dùndÈ |
cloud |
748 |
? |
|
-dùt- |
to pull, to tug |
749 |
|
|
-gà |
crack |
750 |
? |
|
-Ng(á) |
me |
751 |
|
|
-Ngá DP |
how many |
752 |
|
|
-gàb- |
to divide; to give away |
754, 755 |
|
|
-gàdam- |
to lie on the back |
764 |
|
|
-gàdod- |
to turn tr.; to alter |
759 |
|
|
-gàdok- |
to come back |
758 |
|
|
-gàdí |
blood |
766 |
|
|
-gàg- |
to go bad |
769 |
? |
|
-gàmb- |
to speak |
770 |
|
|
-gàmbÒ (5/6 or 7/8) |
affair |
771 |
|
|
-gàn- |
to think |
772 |
? |
|
-gànÒ |
tale |
776 |
|
|
-gánd- |
to coagulate |
777 |
? |
|
-gàndá 9/10 |
chiefs house |
780 |
? |
|
-gànjà (5/6 or 7/8) |
palm of hand |
784 |
|
|
-gàNg- |
to tie up |
785 |
|
|
-gàNgà 9/10 |
medicine man |
786 |
|
|
-gàNgà 14 |
medicine |
787 |
|
|
-gé 5/6 |
egg |
809 |
|
|
-gè- |
to go |
811 |
|
|
-gèd- |
to act |
813 |
? |
|
-gÈd- |
to try |
797 |
|
|
-gÈd- |
to flow |
798 |
|
|
-gÈdà 7 |
iron |
800 |
|
|
-gÈgÒ 5/6 |
molar tooth |
802 |
|
|
-gÈnì 1/2 |
stranger |
805 |
|
|
-gÈnd- |
to walk, to travel |
806 |
|
|
-gÈndÒ 11/10 |
journey |
808 |
? |
|
-gì 3/4 |
village |
818 |
|
|
-gì 9/10 |
fly |
819 |
|
|
-gìd- |
to abstain |
822 |
|
|
-gíkÒ 5/6 |
fireplace |
828 |
|
|
-gínà 5/6 |
name |
831 |
|
|
-gò- |
to fall over |
863 |
|
|
-góÉ |
you sg. |
868 |
? |
|
-gòbÒ 9/10 |
skin, garment |
873 |
? |
|
-gòd- |
to buy |
876 |
|
|
-gòdò 5- |
top; sky |
880 |
|
|
-gòdò 11/10 |
hill |
882 |
|
|
-gòdò 3/4 |
leg |
884 |
|
|
-gòdòbÈ 9/10 |
bush-pig |
888 |
? |
|
-gòdòk- |
to fly |
889 |
? |
|
-gòdÒ 5 |
yesterday |
878 |
|
|
-gòmbà |
barren woman |
894 |
|
|
-gòndà 3/4 |
garden |
897 |
|
|
-gÒ 9/10 |
leopard |
834 |
|
|
-gÒdí |
string |
839 |
|
|
-gÒdod |
straighten |
843 |
|
|
-gÒdù 9 |
strength |
890 |
|
|
-gÒmà 9/10 |
drum |
844 |
|
|
-gÒmbÈ 9/10 |
cattle |
849 |
|
|
-gÒn- |
to snore |
852 |
|
|
-gÒNgÒ 3/4 |
back of body |
858 |
|
|
-gÒNgÒdÓ |
millipede |
859 |
|
|
-gúé 3/4 |
arrow |
903 |
? |
|
-gùbà 3 |
bellows |
905 |
? |
|
-gùbó 9/10 |
hippopotamus |
908 |
|
|
-já 9 |
outside |
915 |
|
|
-jàbok- |
to cross river |
916 |
|
|
-jàdà 5/6 |
hunger; (famine) |
917 |
|
|
-jèdà 9/10 |
path |
940 |
|
|
-jó 9/10 |
house |
953 |
|
|
-jóì 5/6 |
voice |
954 |
|
|
-jóbà 5 |
sun |
955 |
|
|
-jódò 5/6 |
nose |
960 |
|
|
-jÒÒdì 9/10 |
dream |
950 |
|
|
-jÒgù 9/10 |
elephant |
951 |
|
|
-kádà 5/6 |
ember |
980 |
|
|
-kádà 6 |
charcoal |
980 |
|
|
-kádá |
crab |
981 |
|
|
-kádè 14 |
fierceness |
984 |
|
|
-kádì |
woman; wife |
986 |
|
|
-kàg- |
to use medicine |
990 |
? |
|
-kákà 9/10 |
anteater |
991 |
|
|
-kám- |
to squeeze; to milk |
995 |
|
|
-kám- |
to dry up |
966 |
? |
|
-kámod- |
to wring |
995 |
|
|
-káán- |
to refuse request |
999 |
|
|
-kándà |
skin (human? or animal?) |
1003 |
|
|
-kándà |
strap |
1004 |
? |
|
-káNg- |
to fry; to roast |
1009 |
|
|
-káNgà 9/10 |
guinea-fowl |
1010 |
|
|
-kápí 9/10 |
paddle |
1014 |
|
|
-kátà 9/10 |
headpad |
1016 |
|
|
-kàté |
inside |
1018 |
|
|
-ké- |
to dawn |
1047 |
|
|
-kédà 3/4 |
tail |
1053 |
|
|
-kéék- |
to put across |
1056 |
|
|
-kémà 9/10 |
monkey |
1058 |
|
|
-kémb- |
to wander about |
1060 |
? |
|
-kén- |
to dance spontaneously |
147, 1063 |
|
|
-kéNg- |
to protect by screening |
1068 |
|
|
-két- |
to do |
1071 |
|
|
-kÉ DP |
small |
1023 |
|
|
-kÉb- |
to look out at |
1025 |
|
|
-kÉb- |
to look round |
1027 |
? |
|
-kÈd- |
to cut |
1029 |
|
|
-kÉd- |
to strain liquids |
1030 |
|
|
-kÈk- |
to cut with sawing motion |
1033 |
|
|
-kÉm- |
to grunt with effort |
1037 |
|
|
-kÉn- |
to show the teeth |
1038 |
? |
|
-kÉÉP- |
to become small |
1023 |
|
|
-kíá 9/10 |
antelope, duiker |
1075 |
|
|
-kìd- |
to grind |
1076 |
|
|
-kígÉ 9/10 |
eyebrow |
1079 |
|
|
-kímà 9/10 |
mush |
1081 |
|
|
-kínd- |
to press down |
1083 |
? |
|
-kíndÒ 3/4? |
footfall |
1085 |
|
|
-kíNgÒ 9/10 |
neck |
1086 |
|
|
-kìpà 3/4 |
vein; tendon |
1087 |
|
|
-kòá 7/8 |
yam |
1166 |
? |
|
-kòàdé 9/10 |
partridge |
1169 |
|
|
-kóát- |
to seize |
1172 |
|
|
-kóÉd- |
to go up |
1176 |
|
|
-kób- |
to hit |
1182 |
|
|
-kòcò 9/10 |
grey parrot |
1187 |
|
|
-kòd- |
to scrape off |
1189 |
|
|
-kód- |
to grow up |
1190 |
|
|
-kóód- |
to pull out |
1191 |
? |
|
-kódò DP |
old |
1197 |
|
|
-kódò 1/2/14 |
old person/old age |
1197 |
|
|
-kókó 9/10 |
chicken |
1203 |
|
|
-kókod- |
to clear away |
1205 |
|
|
-kókot- |
to crunch, to gnaw |
1206 |
|
|
-kómì 5/6 |
ten |
1208 |
|
|
-kónì 11/10 |
piece of firewood |
1218 |
|
|
-kóndá 9/10 |
domestic pigeon |
1221 |
|
|
-kóndÈ (10) |
edible beans |
1222 |
|
|
-kóndó |
anus |
1224 |
? |
|
-kóNg- |
to gather up |
1227 |
|
|
-kóNgá |
eel |
1228 |
? |
|
-kòNgó 11 |
dust |
1230 |
|
|
-kópá 9/10 |
tick |
1236 |
|
|
-kóy- |
to cry out |
1245 |
|
|
-kóyó 3/4 |
fig-tree |
1246 |
|
|
-kÓ 1/2 |
relative by marriage |
1092 |
|
|
-kÒb- |
to hook up |
1094 |
|
|
-kÓbà |
skin (human? animal?) |
1095 |
|
|
-kÓbú 5/6 |
navel |
1098 |
|
|
-kÓc- |
to cough |
1100 |
? |
|
-kÓd- |
to become strong |
1104 |
|
|
-kÓdo- |
to become intoxicated |
1107 |
|
|
-kÓdá 9/10 |
snail |
1109 |
|
|
-kÓdÈ |
captive |
1110 |
? |
|
-kÓdì |
hawk in general |