Guthrie’s Proto-Bantu forms

Notes:
Column 1E = epsilon
O = open o
N = velar nasal
numbers = noun classes
DP = dependent
ny = Guthrie’s transcription for a palatal nasal
Column 3indicates a number Guthrie had tagged for apparent semantic reasons rather than phonological ones.
Column 4? = Guthrie’s (
T = tonal variation

Guthrie PB (+N.C.)

GLOSS

CS

Comment

-bá-

to be; to become

2

 

-báb-

to singe

5

 

-báb-

to sting

4

?

-bàd-

to count

9

 

-bád-

to shine

12

?

-bád-

to begin

13

?

-bád-

to speckle

18

 

-bádà 5/6

spot; speckle

18

 

-bádÈ

palmtree

21

 

-bàdÉ DP

two

22

 

-bádok-

to burst open

24

T

-bàdok-

to burst open

24

T

-bàdù 11/10

rib; side of body

30

?

-bààj-

to work wood

32

 

-bàk-

to become lit

34

 

-bàmb-

to get near; to put near

37

 

-bàmb-

to peg out

38

 

-bámbà 9/10

poisonous snake

40

?

-bámbÒ 9/10

peg

38; 44

 

-bánd-

to flatten

46

 

-bándod-

to tear off

54

?

-bánjà

courtyard

55

 

-báNg-

to open up

59

?

-bátam-

to become flat

63

?

-bé DP/14

bad/badness

97

 

-bécù DP

unripe; uncooked

102

 

-bèd-

to come to the boil

104

 

-béd-

to call out

105

 

-béd-

to announce

105

?

-béd-

to become uncooked

107

 

-bèdè 3/4

body

112

 

-bègà 9/10

pot for storage

119

 

-bék-

to announce a death

121

 

-béék-

to put

122

 

-bèNg-

to chase game

129

 

-béép-

to become bad

133

 

-bÉ DP

you sg.

64

 

-bÉÉdÈ 5/6

breast; utter

71, 72

 

-bÉÉdÈ 6

milk

73

 

-bÈdÒ 7/8

thigh

79

 

-bÉnd-

to talk

90

?

-bÉndÉ 9/10

kind of rat

91

 

-bí 6

excreta

135

 

-bíád-

to bear a child

136

 

-bídÒ

soot; dirt

144

 

-bímb-

to swell

144

 

-bìmbà

corpse

145

 

-bín-

to dance and sing

147

 

-bínà

dance with song

148

 

-bó 9/10?

mosquito

172

 

-bóà 9/10

dog

174

 

-bòÈ

stone

176

 

-bòbè 5/6

spider

178

 

-bòbè 11/10

spider’s web

178

 

-bód-

to hit and kill

184

?

-bódì 9/10

goat

185

 

-bògà 9/10

open space

190

 

-bómb-

to mould pottery

199

 

-bómbà 5

clay for pottery

200

 

-bótam-

to crouch

210

?

-bótÒ 9/10

seed

211

 

-bÓ

them

152

 

-bÒd-

to become rotten

153

 

-bÒdá 11/10

bee-sting

154

?

-bÒgà 9/10

vegetable

156

?

-bÒgÓ 9/10

buffalo

157

 

-bÓkÒ 5/6

arm

158

 

-bÒmb-

to become soft

160

 

-bÒmbÓ 3/4

forehead

163

?

-bÓn-

to see

164

 

-bÓnÒ

castor-oil bean, plant

166

 

-bú 5

soil

215

 

-búáNg-

to mix

221

 

-búè 9/10

white hair

222

 

-bùd-

to be plentiful or numerous

224

?

-búdà 9

rain

225

 

-bùdì 5/6

hair on body

226

?

-bún-

to break, to snap

230

 

-bùndod-

to stir up

232

 

-búNg-

to wrap up

234

?

-càc-

to go sour

241

 

-cààc-

to chop up

242

 

-cácÈ 9/10

spark

243

 

-càd-

to choose

245

 

-cádàkù 9/10

driver ant

251

 

-càk-

to search for; (to desire)

256

 

-càká

thicket

260

 

-càkod-

to weed

263

?

-cámbÒ

wire

268

?

-càníá 3

daylight

272

 

-càNg-

to meet with; to assemble intr.

[285]

 

-càNg-

to mix up

221, 286

 

-cáNg-

to be pleased

287

 

-càNgà 3/4

sandy island

288

 

-cáNgá

bead

291

?

-cé 9/10

ground; country

332

 

-pa-ncé

underneath

332

pa- 16

-céndé

squirrel

340

 

-cÈk-

to laugh

312

 

-cÉkÉ 3

sand

313

 

-cÈndam-

to lean (intr.) out of vertical

319

 

-cÈndek-

to lean (tr.) out of vertical

319

 

-cÈNg-

to cut off

321

 

-cíÒ 14/6

face

346

 

-cíd-

to finish; to become completed

351

 

-címbà 9/10

wildcat

355

 

-cìNg-

to rub on

358

 

-cò 6

urine

390

?

-cóá 3/4

termite

392

 

-cóá 9/10? or 11/10?

winged termite

392

 

-còb-

to skin

398

 

-códÒ 3/4

stream

406

?

-cóm-

to bite

413

?

-cóndò 3/4

leech

417

 

-cópà 9/10

calabash bottle

425

 

-cÓ

left-hand

361

 

-cÒdì 3

broth

367

 

-cÓdì

tear, see -yícÒdì

368

?

-cÒk-

to poke in; to ram in

371

 

-cÒká 5/6

axe

372

?

-cÒm-

to poke in; to insert

371, 375

 

-cÓnì 9

shame

380

 

-cÒNg-

to incite

383

 

-cÒNg-

to sharpen to a point

385

 

-cÒngà

point

386

 

-cú 9/10

fish

427

 

-cùb-

to urinate

430

?

-cùk-

to wash

435

 

-cúkò 5/6? or 11/10?

day of 24 hours

437

 

-cùNg-

to look after

441

 

-dà 6

intestines

442

 

-dà 9

abdomen

443

 

-dà DP

long

507

 

-dà 12

olden times

983

?

-dá 9/10

louse

446

 

-dá DP

that, those

448

 

-dác-

to throw at and hit

449

 

-dáád-

to lie down and sleep

454

 

-dàdá 5/6

palm-frond

457

 

-dáádek-

to invite

459

?

-dàdÒ 14/6

bridge

460

 

-dàg-

to say farewell

462

?

-dàg-

to teach

464

 

-dákà

throat

473

 

-dàm-

to get strong again

477

?

-dàm-

to stick to

478

 

-dàmat-

to stick to

478

 

-dàmod-

to settle dispute

480

 

-dàmb-

to sprawl

483

 

-dàmbadad-

to sprawl

483

 

-dànd-

to follow behind

654

 

-dàp-

to swear

503

?

-dè

to be

547

 

-dé-

to eat

550

 

-dèàt-

to tread

553

 

-déb-

to forget

556

?

-dèd-

to cry, to wail

561

 

-dèdè 14/6

bedstead

563

 

-dèm-

to cultivate

568

 

-démà 3/4

bat

570

 

-démì 11/10-

tongue

571

 

-dèmÒ 3/4

work

574

 

-dèmbÒ 14

birdlime

578

 

-dènd-

to wait

580

?

-dÈ DP

long, see -dà

507

?

-dÈbed-

to become slack

523

?

-dÈd-

to look after a child

510

 

-dÉd-

to become suspended

514

?

-dÈÈdÓ-

today

518

 

-dÈdù

beard

519

 

-dÉg-

to avoid

521

?

-dÈk-

to allow

524

 

-dÈm-

to become heavy

527

 

-dÉm-

to become lame

531

 

-dÉmad-

to become lame

531

 

-dÉmá 7/8

lame person

533

 

-dÈÈp-

to become long

507

?

-dÉÉt-

to bring

546

 

-dì 3/4

root

591

 

-dìàm-

to sink out of sight

593

 

-dìòd-

to pull up

595

 

-díóNg-

to turn round intr.

598

 

-dìb-

to stop up, to block

602

 

-dìb-

to shut

601

?

-dìbà 5/6? or 7/8?

pool

603

 

-dìdì

shivering with cold

608

 

-dìdim-

to shiver

610

 

-dígì 3/4

bark-fibre string

613

 

-dígÒ 3/4

load

614

?

-dììk-

to bury

615

 

-dím-

to become extinguished; to extinguish

617

 

-dímed-

to get lost

618

 

-dímò 3/4

spirit

619

 

-díNg-

to wind round; to surround

625

 

-dìtÒ DP

heavy

631

 

-dò-

to fight

675

 

-dóád-

to fall ill

677

 

-dòb-

to make a mistake

680

?

-dòd-

to become bitter

684

?

-dòdam-

to become straight

686

 

-dòdò 14

bitterness

688

 

-dódó 9/10

gall bladder

689

?

-dòk-

to plait

693

 

-dòk-

to name

694

?

-dók-

to vomit

695

 

-dóm-

to bite

696

 

-dómÈ 1/2

husband; man

697

 

-dómÈ DP

male

697

?

-dònd-

to amass

704

 

-dòNg-

to go straight

711

 

-dòNgod-

to become hot

719

 

-dòNgod-

to become burnt

719

?

-dòNgÒ

tribe

665

?

-dòt-

to surpass; (to pass)

1536

 

-dÓ 13

sleep

633

 

-dÓb-

to fish with line

638

 

-dÒbá 5

sticky soil

639

 

-dÓbÒ 5/6

fish-hook

640

 

-dÒÒdì 3

whistling

642

 

-dÒg-

to bewitch

644

 

-dÒgì 14

witchcraft

646

 

-dÓk-

to rain

650

 

-dÒmÒ 3/4

lip

651

 

-dÓmb-

to ask for

653

 

-dÒnd-

to follow to find

654

 

-dÒndà 7/8

sore

656

?

-dÒNg-

to pack carefully

659

?

-dÒNgà 3/4

river

662

 

-dÒNgÒ 3/4

line of objects

664

 

-dÓÓt-

to dream

672

 

-dú 5

knee

722

 

-dù-

to ooze

724

?

-dúád-

to wear

726

 

-dúék-

to clothe

728

 

-dúód-

to take off clothes

730

 

-dùb-

to fish with net or basket

731

 

-dúg-

to paddle

735

 

-dùkot-

to blow bellows

737

 

-dùm-

to roar, to rumble

740

 

-dùmbá 5/6

smell

743

 

-dùmbé 3

continuous rain

744

 

-dùndÈ

cloud

748

?

-dùt-

to pull, to tug

749

 

-gà

crack

750

?

-Ng(á)

me

751

 

-Ngá DP

how many

752

 

-gàb-

to divide; to give away

754, 755

 

-gàdam-

to lie on the back

764

 

-gàdod-

to turn tr.; to alter

759

 

-gàdok-

to come back

758

 

-gàdí

blood

766

 

-gàg-

to go bad

769

?

-gàmb-

to speak

770

 

-gàmbÒ (5/6 or 7/8)

affair

771

 

-gàn-

to think

772

?

-gànÒ

tale

776

 

-gánd-

to coagulate

777

?

-gàndá 9/10

chief’s house

780

?

-gànjà (5/6 or 7/8)

palm of hand

784

 

-gàNg-

to tie up

785

 

-gàNgà 9/10

medicine man

786

 

-gàNgà 14

medicine

787

 

-gé 5/6

egg

809

 

-gè-

to go

811

 

-gèd-

to act

813

?

-gÈd-

to try

797

 

-gÈd-

to flow

798

 

-gÈdà 7

iron

800

 

-gÈgÒ 5/6

molar tooth

802

 

-gÈnì 1/2

stranger

805

 

-gÈnd-

to walk, to travel

806

 

-gÈndÒ 11/10

journey

808

?

-gì 3/4

village

818

 

-gì 9/10

fly

819

 

-gìd-

to abstain

822

 

-gíkÒ 5/6

fireplace

828

 

-gínà 5/6

name

831

 

-gò-

to fall over

863

 

-góÉ

you sg.

868

?

-gòbÒ 9/10

skin, garment

873

?

-gòd-

to buy

876

 

-gòdò 5-

top; sky

880

 

-gòdò 11/10

hill

882

 

-gòdò 3/4

leg

884

 

-gòdòbÈ 9/10

bush-pig

888

?

-gòdòk-

to fly

889

?

-gòdÒ 5

yesterday

878

 

-gòmbà

barren woman

894

 

-gòndà 3/4

garden

897

 

-gÒ 9/10

leopard

834

 

-gÒdí

string

839

 

-gÒdod

straighten

843

 

-gÒdù 9

strength

890

 

-gÒmà 9/10

drum

844

 

-gÒmbÈ 9/10

cattle

849

 

-gÒn-

to snore

852

 

-gÒNgÒ 3/4

back of body

858

 

-gÒNgÒdÓ

millipede

859

 

-gúé 3/4

arrow

903

?

-gùbà 3

bellows

905

?

-gùbó 9/10

hippopotamus

908

 

-já 9

outside

915

 

-jàbok-

to cross river

916

 

-jàdà 5/6

hunger; (famine)

917

 

-jèdà 9/10

path

940

 

-jó 9/10

house

953

 

-jóì 5/6

voice

954

 

-jóbà 5

sun

955

 

-jódò 5/6

nose

960

 

-jÒÒdì 9/10

dream

950

 

-jÒgù 9/10

elephant

951

 

-kádà 5/6

ember

980

 

-kádà 6

charcoal

980

 

-kádá

crab

981

 

-kádè 14

fierceness

984

 

-kádì

woman; wife

986

 

-kàg-

to use medicine

990

?

-kákà 9/10

anteater

991

 

-kám-

to squeeze; to milk

995

 

-kám-

to dry up

966

?

-kámod-

to wring

995

 

-káán-

to refuse request

999

 

-kándà

skin (human? or animal?)

1003

 

-kándà

strap

1004

?

-káNg-

to fry; to roast

1009

 

-káNgà 9/10

guinea-fowl

1010

 

-kápí 9/10

paddle

1014

 

-kátà 9/10

headpad

1016

 

-kàté

inside

1018

 

-ké-

to dawn

1047

 

-kédà 3/4

tail

1053

 

-kéék-

to put across

1056

 

-kémà 9/10

monkey

1058

 

-kémb-

to wander about

1060

?

-kén-

to dance spontaneously

147, 1063

 

-kéNg-

to protect by screening

1068

 

-két-

to do

1071

 

-kÉ DP

small

1023

 

-kÉb-

to look out at

1025

 

-kÉb-

to look round

1027

?

-kÈd-

to cut

1029

 

-kÉd-

to strain liquids

1030

 

-kÈk-

to cut with sawing motion

1033

 

-kÉm-

to grunt with effort

1037

 

-kÉn-

to show the teeth

1038

?

-kÉÉP-

to become small

1023

 

-kíá 9/10

antelope, duiker

1075

 

-kìd-

to grind

1076

 

-kígÉ 9/10

eyebrow

1079

 

-kímà 9/10

mush

1081

 

-kínd-

to press down

1083

?

-kíndÒ 3/4?

footfall

1085

 

-kíNgÒ 9/10

neck

1086

 

-kìpà 3/4

vein; tendon

1087

 

-kòá 7/8

yam

1166

?

-kòàdé 9/10

partridge

1169

 

-kóát-

to seize

1172

 

-kóÉd-

to go up

1176

 

-kób-

to hit

1182

 

-kòcò 9/10

grey parrot

1187

 

-kòd-

to scrape off

1189

 

-kód-

to grow up

1190

 

-kóód-

to pull out

1191

?

-kódò DP

old

1197

 

-kódò 1/2/14

old person/old age

1197

 

-kókó 9/10

chicken

1203

 

-kókod-

to clear away

1205

 

-kókot-

to crunch, to gnaw

1206

 

-kómì 5/6

ten

1208

 

-kónì 11/10

piece of firewood

1218

 

-kóndá 9/10

domestic pigeon

1221

 

-kóndÈ (10)

edible beans

1222

 

-kóndó

anus

1224

?

-kóNg-

to gather up

1227

 

-kóNgá

eel

1228

?

-kòNgó 11

dust

1230

 

-kópá 9/10

tick

1236

 

-kóy-

to cry out

1245

 

-kóyó 3/4

fig-tree

1246

 

-kÓ 1/2

relative by marriage

1092

 

-kÒb-

to hook up

1094

 

-kÓbà

skin (human? animal?)

1095

 

-kÓbú 5/6

navel

1098

 

-kÓc-

to cough

1100

?

-kÓd-

to become strong

1104

 

-kÓdo-

to become intoxicated

1107

 

-kÓdá 9/10

snail

1109

 

-kÓdÈ

captive

1110

?

-kÓdì

hawk in general